Terms Of Gross Domestic Product Research Articles

The gender gap in the acceptance of automated vehicles in Europe

Previous research suggests that there might be a gender gap in the acceptance of automated vehicles (AVs): males are typically found to have a higher intention to use AVs than females, although opposite results have been reported in different countries. The conflicting results have yet to be addressed, and only a few studies have attempted to explain the country-level differences based on quantifiable socio-economic indicators.We investigated the gender gap in the acceptance of AVs (SAE Level 3) using a questionnaire study among 8412 car-drivers in eight European countries as part of the European L3Pilot project. For this study, the gender gap in the acceptance of AVs is defined as the difference in the willingness to use, buy and activate the automated driving function in AVs between men and women. Results showed two distinct realities for Europe: in one group of countries, females were less willing to use AVs than males, while in another group, both males and females had similar acceptance towards AVs with higher ratings overall. These country groups were different in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and the Gender Equality Index (GEI). The gender gap in the acceptance of AVs was larger in countries with a higher GDP and GEI.The study findings suggest that the gender gap in the acceptance of AVs is not universal, and the countries’ progress in economics and gender equality are related to people's attitudes toward AVs. This finding enhances policy development and planning future transport solutions to ensure that all potential users can benefit from AVs.

Consequences of capital drain among EU member states

The aim of this article is to analyze the capital drain among individual European Union (EU) member states and its cohesive and political consequences. Since the capital drain has not yet been calculated at the individual country level, the methodological part of this article delves into this calculation in more detail. Between 1999 and 2018, Ireland and Luxembourg had the highest capital drain due to their tax haven policies. Apart from these extremes, Czechia experienced the largest capital drain during this period. Inequalities among EU member states were gradually decreasing in terms of gross domestic product and gross national disposable income, suggesting that the EU’s cohesion policy has partially been successful in reducing inequalities among EU countries. However, capital drain and its populist interpretations may become a significant political problem for the most negatively affected countries.

External reference pricing for medicines in Ukraine: latest trends

Compared to the previous year, the share of healthcare expenditure in the state budget of Ukraine has decreased, which is associated with increased funding for the security and defense sector. In terms of gross domestic product, healthcare spending has reduced to 2.8 %, which corresponds to the figures for 2019. These circumstances indicate the importance of proper budget utilization, including effectively regulating medicine prices. One of the key elements of rational healthcare budget usage is the development and implementation of external reference pricing (ERP). A well-formulated and implemented ERP policy for pharmaceuticals contributes to improving patient access to essential medicines (EMs). The aim of this study is to analyze the current status of ERP implementation in Ukraine and provide recommendations for improving this policy. Materials and methods. During the research process, an analysis of the ERP’s current regulatory framework was conducted, and ERP implementation in Ukraine was assessed according to adherence to the 14 best practice principles of ERP proposed by Sullivan, Kanavos & Kalo in 2015. Results. In Ukraine, ERP has been introduced for medicines from the National Essential Medicine Lists (NEML) and the “Affordable Medicines” program. The Ministry of Health (MoH) of Ukraine has approved a Register of marginal wholesale prices for medicines purchased with state budget funds and subject to price regulation. Currently, the register includes 1239 medicinal products, of which 1233 are from NEML and 6 have undergone Health Technology Assessment (HTA). Approximately 58 % of medicines have a set price through ERP, 24 % are regulated by internal reference pricing (IRP), and nearly 18 % have declared prices. This indicates a lack of uniformity in approaches to price regulation for medicines and requires further improvements. According to the latest update of the Register of medicines for reimbursement under the state medical guarantees program, there are 486 medicines, including 72 insulins and 21 immunosuppressive medicines (184 medicines are provided with co-payment). Different approaches, including different reference countries and price calculation algorithms, are applied for the price regulation of medicines in NEML and the “Affordable Medicines” program. An assessment of the implementation of the ERP system in Ukraine based on the 14 best practice principles of ERP proposed by Sullivan, Kanavos & Kalo in 2015 showed that the current policy does not adhere to all principles. Conclusions. The analysis revealed different approaches to pricing for medicines NEML and the “Affordable Medicines” program, indicating the need for harmonizing pricing policies for different lists. The adoption of a unified positive list can contribute to improving pricing policies and efficient resource utilization. Collecting, disseminating, and exchanging data on drug prices is crucial to support transparency in pricing and its control. Regular monitoring of prices in the market will help ensure compliance with pricing policies and take appropriate measures in case of violations. The implementation of a unified pricing regulation policy for medicines in Ukraine is an important step towards European integration and compliance with international standards.

Assessment of the Turkish Health Transformation Program With Data Envelopment Analysis

Governments are obliged to deliver basic healthcare to individuals in an equal, safe, and efficient environment. Therefore, they occasionally make improvements and reforms in the health policy. The health transformation program (HTP) is the most comprehensive reform about the health sector in Turkey. In this article, the aim of our article is to analyze the success, efficiency, and sustainability of HTP; in this context, we discussed two different case studies. First, Turkey's efficiency was evaluated during the years 2003–2016 in the health sector with data envelopment analysis. According to the first case study, Turkey was inefficient during the years 2003–2012 because of the investments, the following years, these investments returned and it became efficient. In the second case study, we handled Turkey and nine organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD) countries, which are similar in terms of gross domestic product. We compared relative efficiencies of Turkey with mentioned OECD countries and observed that Turkey is efficient except in 2007. The main reason for this is that the health and financial expenditures took the highest value in that year. Besides, Turkey took fifth place in the ranking among ten countries in terms of the average efficiency score.

Wohlstand neu denken und messen

Abstract Addressing the major challenges Germany and the world face today – from mitigating climate change to the shortage of skilled labor – will require concerted, transformative political effort that builds on collective values and pursues societal goals. Economic growth should be achieved in a sustainable and inclusive manner and not at the expense of social cohesion or future generations. To do this, we need to rethink prosperity and find new ways to measure it. Productivity growth and material gains, measured in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), are important, but insufficient as central targets and yardsticks for social progress. The things that we actually value should be measured. This includes not only economic well-being and income distribution, but also other dimensions of well-being, such as social participation, societal cohesion, personal empowerment and opportunity, as well as environmental sustainability. In this article, we discuss Germany’s strategy for measuring and improving multidimensional, sustainable prosperity, and propose ways to rethink and design new measures of economic and social prosperity that encompass not only material prosperity and economic output, but also the social and environmental dimensions of prosperity.

A bibliometric study of articles on laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy published in Science Citation Index Expanded Journals: Analysis of 4269 articles published between 1998-2020

Purpose: In the last decade, the popularity of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) among surgeons has increased, and the desire to get information has been accelerated. Holistic evaluation of scientific publications, including publication and citation metrics, is the definition of "Bibliometrics". In the present study, we aimed to analyze the top-cited articles about LSG, published between the years 1998-2020, according to the database of Web of Science.
 Methods: We used the search engine of Thomson Reuters®, Web of Science Core Collection, by using the keyword "Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy", and by choosing the “Topic” section on December 1, 2020. Only “Articles” in “English” were included in the study protocol. The publication rates according to years, countries, journal categories, organizations and authors, publication number, citation, and h-index data were evaluated. Also, publication metrics were evaluated in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPpp), and Human Development Index (HDI) of the countries.
 Results: The most productive countries, scientific journals, and authors are USA, Obesity Surgery, and Schauer PR, respectively. There was a positive correlation between publication numbers and GDP (r=0.370, p0.05; r=0.603, p>0.05; respectively). 
 Conclusion: The present study proves the avalanching publication productivity concerning LSG, over the last twenty years. Our outcomes show that researchers have an increasing interest in morbid obesity and LSG procedure. This progression highlights the value of bibliometric analysis, which facilitates the process of research in further studies.

Circular economy e-business model portfolio development for e-business applications: Impacts on ESG and sustainability performance

The circular economy has emerged as a key driver in the development of sustainability in the current digital world. Circular economy businesses have generated significant contributions in terms of gross domestic product and employment. In the future, new approaches are needed that meet global trends in digitalisation, resources, and ecological challenges. Instead of solely addressing environmental issues, e-businesses in the digital age need to ensure the sustainable development of the circular economy. This paper proposes a feature-based circular economy e-business model for uplifting environment, social, and governance (ESG) and sustainability performance. We have employed indicators that support the implementation of the circular economy process related to technical aspects, reduce the cost of operation and resource pressure, minimise the environmental impact, and maximise social and economic impacts. We present here a comprehensive discussion that provides an in-depth literature review, an emerging e-business model for the circular economy, business, e-business application portfolio, and software application development for sustainable circular economy Business.

The Impact of Oil and Gas Extraction in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Ghana

The topic of how oil and gas extraction impact on economic development of nations is well researched, especially African oil-producing countries. Literature has revealed that countries endowed with natural resources tend not to grow in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) compared to their counterparts with limited or no such natural resources. This phenomenon has been characterized as the paradox of plenty. The study sought to evaluate the economic impact of oil and gas extraction in Ghana. The study utilized the quantitative research approach with secondary data from World Bank Development Indicators, 2019. Johansen Co-integration Approach was also used to evaluate the extent of causality between oil production (revenues) and the various economic variables. The Johansen Co-integration test revealed that oil revenue exerts a significant effect on Ghana’s GDP (4% higher than the average GDP before the production of oil and gas). Meanwhile, the average agriculture value-added and service value-added of Ghana for the period after the production of oil is lower than the average agriculture value-added and service value-added for the period before the production of oil in commercial quantities. The study used Ghana as a case study which somehow limits its findings. Future studies may use a panel model to do a cross-country analysis of the impact of oil and gas production on the various sectors of the respective countries. Government should formulate and expand policies (such as planting for food and jobs, and agricultural mechanization) that will help grow the agricultural and service sectors of the economy using oil revenues. The study also recommends that the Public Interest and Accountability Committee (PIAC) should closely monitor and collaborate with the petroleum revenue management institutions to ensure that oil revenues allocated to the government priority sectors, especially agriculture and service, are fully implemented. This study differs from prior studies (novel) because it aimed to determine the impact of oil and gas extraction on agricultural, industrial, and service sectors before and after oil and gas production.
  
 Received: 6 December 2022 / Accepted: 10 February 2023 / Published: 5 March 2023

New circular economy perspectives on measuring sustainable waste management productivity

The aim of this study is to delve into the interrelations between sustainability and the circular economy (CE) as it relates to the development of sustainable waste management (SWM). Innovative environmental policy pathways towards the CE are discussed as are the novel Environment Action Programme (EAP) and the new circular economy action plan which are intrinsic parts of the European Green Deal (EGD). Panel data analysis using the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) and the Malmquist–Luenberger productivity index (MLPI) is employed to evaluate the growth in total factor productivity in the European Union. The study incorporates as inputs: energy use, labour force, and gross fixed capital formation. Desirable output is described in terms of gross domestic product, and undesirable output – municipal waste generation – is examined using the MLPI model. The studied period is 1995–2019 and involves comparison between three periods: 1998–1999, 2008–2009, and 2018–2019. It is these periods in which TFP has been increasing in Europe in an era with active institutional actions on the environment. The average productivity growth based on MPI and MLPI is found to be 3.28%, and 0.1% respectively. However, we find that the incorporation of municipal waste generation – as an undesirable output – constitutes a significant factor in the lessening of TFP. This analysis provides a useful input for EU stakeholders involved in municipal solid waste management by highlighting methods of effectively waste generation and thus expanding the elements of the CE framework which will be reviewed in the upcoming Agenda 2030 and Agenda 2050 meetings.

Estimating the direct costs of oral cancer in Spain: a retrospective hospital data analysis.

Studies on the costs incurred from cancer in Spain are scarce and have focused on the most prevalent types such as colorectal, breast, and lung cancer. The aim of this study was to calculate the direct costs associated with the diagnostic, treatment and follow-up procedures for oral cancer in Spain. Applying a bottom-up approach, we retrospectively analyzed the medical records of a cohort of 200 patients with oral cancer (C00-C10), diagnosed and treated in Spain between 2015 and 2017. For each patient, we collected their age, sex, degree of medical impairment (American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] classification), tumor extent (TNM classification), relapses and survival during the first 2 years of follow-up. The final calculation of the costs is expressed in absolute values in euros as the percentage of the gross domestic product per capita and in international dollars (I$). The total cost per patient rose to €16,620 (IQR, €13,726; I$11,634), and the total direct cost at the national level was €136,084,560 (I$95,259,192). The mean cost for oral cancer represented 65.1% of the gross domestic product per capita. The costs for the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were determined by the ASA grade, tumor size, lymph node infiltration and presence of metastases. The direct costs for oral cancer are considerable compared with other types of cancer. In terms of gross domestic product, the costs were similar to those of countries neighboring Spain, such as Italy and Greece. The main determinants of this economic burden were the patient's degree of medical impairment and tumor extent.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ИНВЕСТИЦИОННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ СТРАН БРИКС (НА ПРИМЕРЕ КНР И ИНДИИ)

The member countries of the BRICS association have a huge impact on the markets due to the following factors: their combined area is 27% of the world’s land surface (which determines the presence of significant reserves of various natural resources), the total population is 41.5% of the total world population. All countries, with the exception of South Africa, are among the top ten in terms of gross domestic product. Taking in to account these factors, the countries have great potential for economic growth, which is currently being most dynamically realized by China and India. In addition to using domestic potential, these states actively attract foreign investment. Their experience is of interest to the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. The article analyzes the features of investment policy and attraction of foreign direct investment in China and India. The application of general theoretical and special research methods contributed to the achievement of the tasks set. The Russian Federation is interested in the experience of China and India in dividing all spheres of the economy according to the degree of openness to foreign investment.

The Application of Machine Learning in the Corona Era, With an Emphasis on Economic Concepts and Sustainable Development Goals

The aim of this article is to examine the impacts of Coronavirus Disease -19 (Covid-19) vaccines on economic condition and sustainable development goals. In other words, we are going to study the economic condition during Covid19. We have studied the economic costs of pandemic, benefits in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), public finances and employment, investment on vaccines around the world, progress and totally the economic impacts of vaccines and the impacts of emerging markets (EM) on achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs), including no poverty, good health and well-being, zero hunger, reduced inequality etc. The importance of emerging economies in reducing the harmful effects of the Corona has also been noted. We have tried to do experimental results and forecast daily new death cases from Feb-2020 to Aug-2021 in Iran using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Beetle Antennae Search (BAS) algorithm as a case study with econometric models and regression analysis. The findings show that Covid19 has had devastating economic and health effects on the world, and the vaccine can be very helpful in eliminating these effects specially in long-term. We observed that there is inequality in the distribution of Corona vaccines in rich countries compared to poor which EM can decrease the gap between them. The results show that both models (i.e., Artificial intelligence (AI) and econometric models) almost have the same results but AI optimization models can robust the model and prediction. The main contribution of this article is that we have surveyed the impacts of vaccination from socio-economic viewpoint not just report some facts and truth. We have surveyed the impacts of vaccines on sustainable development goals and the role of EM in achieving SDGs. In addition to using the theoretical framework, we have also used quantitative and empirical results that have rarely been seen in other articles.

GLOBAL BUSINESS SERVICES AN INNOVATION, GROWTH AND BUSINESS INTEGRATION IN EMERGING MARKETS

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the contribution of Global Business Services (GBS) for increasing the efficiency, cost reduction and economic growth of global economies that are overlooked in service research. Service providers can be either internal or external and managed by GBS organizations centrally that offers end-to end efficient standardized processes across the globe. Design/methodology/approach – Industry reports and macroeconomic data from World Bank (1970 to 2020) has been used of emerging market BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), these markets account 39 percent in the global economy in terms of gross domestic product and one fourth in the total value of stock markets. Data of GBS is not available therefore, services value added as percent in Gross Domestic Products (GDP) has been taken as a proxy variable in place of GBS.
 Findings – There is a long run association between Chemical (CHEM), Textile (TEX) and GBS in Pakistan. In BRICS economies, long run coefficients are negative and significant which shows there is a long run relationship among Exchange Rate (ER), Research and Development (R&D) to GBS. Thus, Business services can be extended in these areas for the long-term growth for service economy in emerging markets.
 Research limitations/implications – The study will find new ways in Global Business Services (GBS) research and the specific research methodology can lead to various techniques and opportunities for defining, processing and making an advance analysis of GBS data globally. This work is limited to BRICs emerging market including Pakistan.
 Originality/value – This is the first quantitative research study of GBS that has been conducted. It will help to build strategies and methods in driving business performance in the global business environment and the international transformation of service economies.

Law, political stability, tourism management and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa

ABSTRACT This study complements the extant literature by assessing how the rule of law and political stability modulate tourism development dynamics (i.e. tourism receipts and tourism expenditure) to affect economic development in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. The study focuses on 47 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with data for the period 2002–2018 and the empirical evidence is based on the Generalized Method of Moments. The study finds that: (i) the rule of law modulates both tourism receipts and tourism expenditure for overall positive effects on economic development and (ii) political stability modulates tourism receipts for an overall positive impact on economic development. Policy implications are discussed.

Is an Economic Integration a Stimulus for Convergence? Analysis of European Union’s Last Enlargement

This study investigates the issue of the economic integration model's stimulus for convergence between the countries. As an example, the European Union, which is a successful model of economic integration, is taken. With the last enlargement wave of the European Union, the convergence of new members that joined the Union after 2000 was analyzed. Real convergence is estimated by using log regression model and nominal convergence is analyzed with the help of Convergence Reports. The results show that participation in an economic integration and also trade openness contribute to convergence in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth among members. Trade openness is a stimulus for convergence in GDP growth in former members and new members, apart from the crisis and recovery years (2008-2013). It can be said that being included in an economic integration has a positive effect on trade openness, GDP growth and GDP per capita. Convergence was seen in 2000-2007 and 2014-2020 periods. In the 2008-2013 period, divergence was observed. The divergence experienced during the crisis years showed that nominal convergence was not sufficient to achieve harmonized growth and to overcome the crisis. In the European Union, a more harmonized growth can be achieved if real convergence is also taken into account.

The economic impacts of tourism-related private investment in Jamaica

This study assesses the economy-wide impacts of private investment in the hotel industry in Jamaica. Specifically, the paper develops a tourism-extended social accounting matrix (SAM) and a dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model tailored to the Jamaican economy. To analyse impacts in terms of poverty and inequality, the CGE model results are linked with a microsimulation model. The results demonstrate that private tourism investments leading to an expansion of foreign demand for tourism can have positive impacts on national economies in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), employment, household incomes and poverty reduction. However, the distribution of benefits is dependent on socioeconomic factors such as the distribution of factor endowments among households. At the sectoral level, sectors catering more directly to tourism experience the highest rates of growth, while more export-oriented sectors do not fare as well given the upward pressure on prices and the real exchange rate resulting from higher tourism spending.

Addressing malnutrition and food insecurity with breadfruit in a rural, developing country: a case study and lessons learned in Thomassique, Haiti

Haiti’s Central Plateau region suffers from significant malnutrition, economic hardship, and a crisis level of food insecurity. Already the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, Haiti has pervasively high malnutrition rates, but the Central Plateau is among the most severely affected areas. One in five children of the Central Plateau suffers from malnutrition, and the region exhibits a devastating 30% rate of child stunting. Our US-based team affiliated with Klinik Sen Jozèf, a community-respected medical clinic in the Central Plateau city of Thomassique. We partnered with local Haitian leadership, a local agronomist, and Trees That Feed Foundation to introduce breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) and an innovative development model to combat local malnutrition. Five years into the program, we have partnered with 152 farmers, and we have enhanced our malnutrition program with breadfruit derivatives. This report addresses the lessons we learned to assist others looking to introduce models or crops in a similar manner. Our experience is particularly significant in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, as supply chain disruptions have worsened food insecurity for more than 800 million people in low-income countries.

A study of the economic growth of African countries: Evidence from Morocco

Subject. We consider the economic growth in Morocco, expressed in terms of Gross Domestic Product. Objectives. The purpose is to perform a comprehensive study of possible impact of the tourism industry and its individual indicators on the economic growth of Morocco. Methods. The study employs methods of correlation and regression analysis, using statistical data of the Ministry of Economy and Finance of the Kingdom of Morocco on the main macroeconomic indicators of the country and its individual industries, and scientific literature on the topic. Results. We identified key variables that have an impact on GDP of Morocco. They include foreign direct investment in tourism, tourist arrivals, tourist spending, and government expenditure on tourism. We developed an econometric model that reflects the relationship between economic growth in Morocco and enables to assess the contribution of foreign direct investment in tourism and international tourist spending to the country's GDP. Conclusions. The developed model helps make informed management decisions in forecasting GDP growth targets.

Climate risk insurance in Pacific Small Island Developing States: possibilities, challenges and vulnerabilities-a comprehensive review.

For the Pacific Small Island Developing States (PSIDS), climate change will greatly exacerbate their vulnerability. The PSIDS have a high ranking in the Climate Risk Index and the World Risk Index. Financial losses due to climate-induced disasters, in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), are also high in the Pacific region. While climate risk insurance solutions could play a key role in the efficient distribution of recovery resources, there are many challenges to their successful implementation. Effective climate risk insurance products for the vulnerable sections of these societies are almost non-existent in this part of the world. Among the worst climate-induced disasters to affect the PSIDS are those related to cyclones and floods. These not only adversely impact the welfare of the households affected by these disasters, but they lower the long-term development potential of the countries involved. There is also evidence to suggest that climate-induced disasters are increasing in frequency and intensity over time due to climate change. It is against this background that an inquiry into the necessity for climate risk insurance products in the context of PSIDS should take place. This paper gives a comprehensive review of the literature addressing climate risk insurance as a risk mitigation or climate adaptation tool for managing the climate-induced financial vulnerabilities in the PSIDS. The paper explores the affordability of climate risk insurance, particularly among the vulnerable sections of society, and discusses the challenges of implementing an appropriate climate risk insurance model in the region. Finally, it examines recent climate risk insurance initiatives that have been attempted by multilateral agencies, such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations’ Pacific Financial Inclusion Practice (UNCDF), Pacific Insurance and Climate Adaptation Programme (PICAP), and respective local governments.

Patterns of Added Value and Innovation in Europe — With Special Regards to Metropolitan Regions of CEE

The increasing territorial inequalities are raising a huge challenge for the European Union. There are significant differences among the given parts of Europe in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Innovation and added value are also important indicators of regional economic development, and competitiveness. For example, improving innovation performance can enhance the national competitiveness. This research analyses the patterns of gross value added (GVA) and innovation (with special regards to the patent applications) in the European NUTS3 (county level) regions. The aim is to identify the major tendencies of concentration in the European spatial structure and to see the trends of change in the indicators. Metropolitan regions were analysed as special areas. The research question was whether the values of gross value added and the patent applications are concentrating in metropolitan areas, or there are significant hot spots outside them. It is hypothesised that because of the concentration of capital, most patent applications are also concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Europe. This hypothesis was tested using spatial econometric methods. The results show that the metropolitan regions have a significant contribution to GVA and patent applications of the European Union. In 2015, 65.7 % of all GVA and 57.1 % of all patent applications were concentrating in the metropolitan regions of Europe. The spatial autocorrelation is a significant factor in the case of both indicators. The complex (economic and innovation) index shows great Western-eastern, Northern-southern differences, the best position of South Germany, and the peripheral situation of CEE (Central and Eastern Europe) metro regions. Basic shortcomings/limitations of research can be found in the innovation data, as the number of patent applications is not published every year.